Cryptocaryon irritans
White spot disease in marine fish kept in captivity in the wild is caused by Cryptocaryon (C.) irritans (Yin et al. 2018). This parasitic ciliated protozoan can withstand temperatures between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F). Numerous fish species have been documented to contract Cryptocaryon infections, and several strains of the virus have been identified from throughout the globe.
Trichodinas
One of the frequent parasites that live in freshwater and marine environments on fish, whether they are cultivated or wild, is Trichodina. According to Martins and Ghiraldelli (2008), these parasites are also referred to as ciliated protozoans and ecto-commensals. There have been reports of over 300 species from various settings worldwide thus far (Tang and Zhao 2012). Due to direct transmission, this ciliated parasite may infect the host in a short amount of time. It mostly infects fish housed under subpar circumstances.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
In warm, humid regions, freshwater fish harbor ciliated protozoa known as Ichthyophthirius (I.) multifiliis, which are obligatory parasites. Its outbreaks occur in the 15–25°C temperature range (Noga 2014). It results in severe mortality and financial ruin for different food fish used for aquaculture. According to Mallik et al. (2015), it also has an impact on a number of aquaculture species, such as snow trout, rainbow trout, channel catfish, and grass carp.
Brooklynella hostilis
The cause of Brooklynellosis, often known as slime-blotch or clownfish illness, is Brooklynella (B.) hostilis. Most teleosts in a marine aquarium are infected with B. hostilis. It is a kidney-shaped creature with bands of cilia that range in length from 60 to 80 µm. B. hostilis is a member of the monotypic Brooklynella genus, which has just one species, in the order Hartmannulidae.It requires dead skin to reproduce, damages gills severely, and replicates by binary fission (Fioravanti and Florio 2017). Abnormal breathing and discolouration are common signs. Additionally, it may result in gill congestion and cast aside skin.
Trypanoplasma
Trypanosomes and Trypanoplasma are frequent parasites of freshwater and marine fish in the kinetoplast genus. Fish from freshwater and occasionally marine environments in Europe, Asia, and North America have similar blood flagellates. Pathogenic blood parasites called Trypanoplasma (T.) borreli and T. bullocki infect marine flatfish in the Atlantic United States and cyprinids in Europe, respectively (Carrington 2017).
Myxobolus brainicum
A parasite of the Salmonidae family, which includes trout and salmon, is called Myxobolus (M.) cerebralis (Hedrick and El-Matbouli 2002). Whirling illness is a myxosporean-caused sickness. It was initially reported in Germany in relation to rainbow trout, and it was then found in South Africa, the United States, and Europe.
References
Leveque et al., 2008. Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 545-567.
Andronova IV and Yakimovich EA, 2019. World fish market: Current trends, state and prospects. RUDN Journal of Economics 27: 259-268.
Tedesco et al., 2017. A global database on freshwater fish species occurrence in drainage basins. Scientific Data 4: 1-6.
Lerssutthichawal et al., 2015. Monogeneans of potentially cultured Tilapias and first record of Cichlidogyrus mbirizei in Thailand. Journal of Science and Technology 13: 543-553.
Wang et al., 2019. Immune responses of fish to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich): A model for understanding immunity against protozoan parasites. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 93: 93-102.
FAO, 2015. FAOSTAT statistics database of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy. (http://faostat3.fao.org/〉
Williams H and Jones A, 1994. Parasitic worms of fish. Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London, UK, pp: 593.
Nguyen et al., 2020. Helminth infections in fish in Vietnam: A systematic review. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 14: 13-32.
Antar R and Gargouri L, 2018. The diversity of teleost fish trematodes in the Bay of Bizerte, Tunisia (Western Mediterranean). Helminthologia 55: 146.
Buchmann K, 2002. Interactions between monogenean parasites and their fish hosts. International Journal for Parasitology 32: 309-319.
Moreira MSF, 2017. Physiological responses of reared sea bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) to an Amyloodinium ocellatum outbreak. Journal of Fish Diseases 40: 1545-1560.
Nofal MIL, 2017. Ectoparasites and bacterial co-infections causing summer mortalities among cultured fishes at Al-Manzala with special reference to water quality parameters. Life Science Journal 14: 72-83.
Liu PF, 2020. Quantitative proteomic analysis in serum of Takifugu rubripes infected with Cryptocaryon irritans. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 104: 213-221.
Buchmann K, 2020. Immune response to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and role of IGT. Parasite Immunology 42: e12675.
Neves LRD, 2020. Diversity of monogenean parasites on gills of fishes from the Matapi River, in the Brazilian Amazon. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 29: 24-29.
Purivirojkul W, 2020. New records of fish parasitic isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Gulf of Thailand. Animals 10: 2298.
Anshary H, 2020. Survey on ectoparasite occurrence of fish groupers sent to Fish Quarantine Agency for diseases inspection. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 564: 012061.
Vyhlídalová T, 2020. Species-specific patterns in cercarial emergence of Diplostomum spp. From snails Radix lagotis. International Journal for Parasitology 50: 1177- 1188.
Imai ST, 2000. Tetrahymena infection in guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Fish Pathology 35: 67-72
Arévalo EG, 2018. Parasitic fauna of Prochilodus nigricans (Prochilodontidae) from Brazilian Amazon floodplain lakes. Biota Amazônia 8: 19-21.
Alexander JD, 2020. Myxoboliosis (Myxobolus cerebralis). 1 st Edition. Climate Change and Infectious Fish Diseases, CABI publishers, Cambridge, UK, pp. 381.
Kirk RS, 2012. Sanguinicola inermis and related species. In: Fish Parasites: Pathobiology and Protection. CABI Publishers, London, UK, pp: 270-281.
Ali AH et al., 2014. Checklists of nematodes of freshwater and marine fishes of Basrah Province, Iraq. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Sciences 29: 71-96.
Yin et al., 2018. Comparison of the susceptibility and resistance of four marine perciform fishes to Cryptocaryon irritans infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 77: 298-303.
Martins ML and Ghiraldelli L, 2008. Trichodina magna (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) from cultured Nile tilapia in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68: 169-172.
Tang FH and Zhao YJ, 2012. Two trichodinids of Paratrichodina (Ciliophora, Peritrichida, Trichodinidae) infecting gills of Ietalurus punetaus from Chongqing, China. African Journal of Microbiology Research 6: 2145–2149.
Noga EJ, 2014. Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli, India.
Mallik et al., 2015. Occurrence of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (White spot) infection in snow trout, Schizothoraxri chardsonii (Gray) and its treatment trial in control condition. Indian Journal of Animal Research 49: 227–230.
Fioravanti ML and Florio D, 2017. Common diseases in marine ornamental fishes. Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture 1: 347-380.
Carrington MD, 2017. Transcriptome sequence of the bloodstream form of Trypanoplasma borreli, a hematozoic parasite of fish transmitted by leeches. Genome Announcements 5: e01712-16.